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Sources

“First-hand” means we have read the figure in the study or its data table ourselves. “Second-hand” means we have only seen it in a summary, and that is a debt we want to pay off.

Research

Peer-reviewed studies and reports from research institutes. These are what carry the content.

Official statistics and public records

Agencies, courts, the Riksdag, the government, EU decisions and public registers.

SourceReadUsed in
Statistics Sweden: Priser på el för hushåll (Electricity prices for households by consumption band), half-years 2014–2026 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe bill
Statistics Sweden: Elhandelspriser (Electricity supply prices for households by bidding zone and contract type), monthly (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe turn, Europe
Statistics Sweden: Tillförsel och användning av el (Supply and use of electricity) 2001–2025 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe cables
Swedish Energy Agency: Energy indicators 12.4A, energy prices for households 1996–2025 at 2025 price levels (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe bill
Swedish Energy Agency: Energy indicators 12.5B, spot price by bidding zone and country, annual averages 2012–2025 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe turn, The cables
Swedish Tax Agency: Skatt på el (Tax on electricity), tax rates (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe bill
Eurostat: Electricity prices for household consumers, bi-annual data (nrg_pc_204) ↗First-handEurope
Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers, annual data (nrg_pc_204_c) ↗First-handEurope, The grid
Eurostat: Electricity prices for non-household consumers, bi-annual data (nrg_pc_205) ↗First-handEurope
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2023): Sveriges el- och naturgasmarknad 2022 (Sweden’s electricity and natural gas market), Ei R2023:12 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe turn
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2025): Sveriges el- och naturgasmarknad 2024 (Sweden’s electricity and natural gas market), Ei R2025:12 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2026): Utfallet av regleringen av elnätsavgifter (The outcome of the regulation of grid fees), Ei R2026:05 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe grid
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2024): news release on the grid companies’ revenue caps for 2024–2027 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe grid
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2022): Anvisade elavtal (Default electricity contracts), Ei R2022:05 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2015): Capacity limitations between the Nordic countries and Germany, Ei R2015:12 ↗First-handThe cables
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2020): Avvikelsebeslut (decision departing from the application) on Svenska kraftnät’s revenue cap 2020–2023, appendix 1 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Energy Markets Inspectorate (2023): Användning av flaskhalsintäkter år 2022 (Use of congestion revenue) (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Svenska kraftnät: Annual report 2021 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Svenska kraftnät: Annual report 2023 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Svenska kraftnät: Annual report 2025 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Svenska kraftnät (2025): Kraftbalansen på den svenska elmarknaden (The power balance on the Swedish electricity market), autumn 2025 report (in Swedish) ↗First-handNorth and south
Svenska kraftnät (2026): Kraftbalansen på den svenska elmarknaden (The power balance on the Swedish electricity market), spring 2026 report (in Swedish) ↗First-handNorth and south
Svenska kraftnät (2026): Långsiktig marknadsanalys 2026 (Long-term market analysis), simulations in four scenarios (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Årsredovisning för staten 2022 (Annual report of the Swedish state), skr. 2022/23:101 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Årsredovisning för staten 2023 (Annual report of the Swedish state), skr. 2023/24:101 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Årsredovisning för staten 2025 (Annual report of the Swedish state), skr. 2025/26:101 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Swedish National Audit Office (2023): Statens åtgärder för utveckling av elsystemet – reaktiva och bristfälligt underbyggda (The state’s measures to develop the power system – reactive and poorly grounded), RiR 2023:15 (in Swedish) ↗First-handNorth and south, The levers
European Commission (2010): decision in case COMP/39351, Swedish Interconnectors ↗First-handNorth and south
ENTSO-E (2025): Bidding Zone Review of the 2025 Target Year, table 63 ↗First-handNorth and south
Regulation (EU) 2019/943 on the internal market for electricity, Articles 14, 16 and 19 ↗First-handThe cables, The money, The levers
Council Regulation (EU) 2022/1854 on an emergency intervention to address high energy prices, Article 9 ↗Second-handThe money
Government bill 2009/10:172: Kärnkraften – förutsättningar för generationsskifte (Nuclear power – conditions for a generational shift) (in Swedish) ↗First-handNuclear power
Government bill 2009/10:179: Förtydligande av uppdraget för Vattenfall AB (Clarifying the mission of Vattenfall AB) (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Government bill 2016/17:142: Skatteförslag med anledning av energiöverenskommelsen (Tax proposals following the energy agreement) (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe bill, Nuclear power
Answer to written question 2014/15:483 on Vattenfall’s decision on Ringhals 1 and 2 (in Swedish) ↗First-handNuclear power
Administrative Court of Appeal in Jönköping, judgment of 16 June 2022, case 1103-21 and others, on the grid companies’ revenue caps for 2020–2023 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe grid
Terms of reference 2026:83 on the review of grid companies’ revenue caps (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe grid, The levers
Government (2024): press release turning down the application for a new power line to Germany (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe cables
Government (2026): press release on the assignment about interconnectors (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe cables
Government (2025): press release asking Svenska kraftnät for a renewed analysis of Sweden’s bidding zones (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Government (2026): press release on speeding up a reduction in the number of bidding zones (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Government (2026): assignment to Svenska kraftnät to report annual surpluses of congestion revenue and propose uses for them, KN2026/01699 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Svenska kraftnät (2026): news release on using congestion revenue to cut fees by SEK 8.3 billion (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Answer to written question 2024/25:715 on EU rules for electricity support (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe money
Government (2026): press release activating the high-cost protection for bidding zone 4 (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe turn
Act (2026:1459) on transparency in communication intended to influence political decisions (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
Legal, Financial and Administrative Services Agency: the parties’ income reports 2018–2025, open data (in Swedish) ↗First-handThe levers
EU Transparency Register: the Commission’s meetings with interest representatives since December 2014 ↗First-handThe levers